-面向未来城市空中交通运行的低空空域航线网络设计

微信扫码，打开到小程序

HAL Id: hal-03701655 https://enac.hal.science/hal-03701655 Submitted on 22 Jun 2022 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- entific research documents, whether they are pub- lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés. Route network design in low-altitude airspace for future urban air mobility operations A case study of urban airspace of Singapore Zhengyi Wang, Daniel Delahaye, Jean-Loup Farges, Sameer Alam To cite this version: Zhengyi Wang, Daniel Delahaye, Jean-Loup Farges, Sameer Alam. Route network design in low- altitude airspace for future urban air mobility operations A case study of urban airspace of Singapore. International Conference on Research in Air Transportation (ICRAT 2020), Jun 2022, TAMPA, United States. ￿hal-03701655￿ Route network design in low-altitude airspace for future urban air mobility operations A case study of urban airspace of Singapore (submitted to International Conference on Research in Air Transportation 2022) Zhengyi Wang, Daniel Delahaye Optim group Ecole Nationale de l’Aviation Civile Toulouse, France {zhengyi.wang, daniel.delahaye}@enac.fr Jean-Loup Farges ONERA Toulouse, France jean-loup.farges@onera.fr Sameer Alam ATMRI Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore sameeralam@ntu.edu.sg Abstract—The rapid growth of the metropolis leads to the proposal of alternative solutions, including the concept of Urban Air Mobility (UAM). Automated and highly-integrated UAM networks have been proved to have great advantages to handle UAM traffic flow with intense density and complexity in the near future. This research addresses designing UAM route networks in low-altitude airspace to minimize noise impact and maximize the efficiency and safety of UAM operations. Singapore’s urban airspace is selected for the case study. On the basis of the open-source data of Singapore, the UAM network is designed as a grid-based multi-layer route network that supports two- way traffic. The topology features of the route network are analyzed. To provide alternative travel options for UAM traffic flow, we search for feasible routes between Origin-Destination (OD) pairs by solving k-Shortest Path with Diversity (KSPD) problem that minimizes link costs in terms of noise impact, safety and efficiency. The resulting feasible routes can potentially reduce airspace complexity and can be used for air traffic assignment. In addition, the impact of different parameter settings for link costs on UAM services is explored. Keywords—Urban Air Mobility, Route Network Design, Urban Airspace, Air Traffic Management 1. INTRODUCTION Urban Air Mobility (UAM) is an air transportation concept that supports passenger or cargo-carrying air transportation services in and around urban environments [1]. European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) claimed that by 2024- 25, UAM may be a lived reality in Europe [2]. To categorize the expected evolution stages of the UAM transportation system, NASA has developed a framework for UAM Matu- rity Levels (UML) [3]. During the intermediate and mature state of UML, the traffic density of UAM vehicles becomes intense. For high-density and complexity UAM operations in densely populated metropolitan areas, a centralized UAM transportation system with highly-integrated and automated route networks has great advantages [1, 4]. Significant progress has been made to design UAM route networks in urban airspace. FAA suggested adopting existing helicopter routes to construct route networks for early-stage UAM operations [1] . Tang et al. generated a 3D route network for all pairs of vertiports by using the visibility graph to avoid obstructions [5]. Some studies focus on UAM hub-and-spoke network design [6, 7]. Hong et al. designed a delivery network to support commercial stand-alone drone delivery service in an area with obstacles [8]. Many studies have only focused on on-demand transporta- tion services. Since on-demand services are often represented by a fully-connected graph [7], the network size has to be limited in some studies. In addition, very few studies consider environmental impact in network design. The lack of integration with real-world data is also a shortcoming of some studies. To fill the aforementioned research gap in UAM route net- work design and to minimize the impact on existing air traffic management systems, this paper proposes a methodology to design a UAM route network in low-altitude urban airspace in the presence of obstacles and hazardous airspace. Using a variety of open-source data, this approach is applied as a case study for parcel delivery services using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) as UAM vehicles in Singapore’s urban airspace. Firstly, The UAM route network is designed as a grid-based network that avoids obstacles and airspace within which the aircraft is prohibited. Then, the link cost is defined in terms of noise impact on populations, airspace safety, and flight efficiency. Unlike most researches that only calculate the shortest path, we formulate a k-shortest path problem with diversity to select feasible routes between Origin-Destination (OD) pairs that minimize the route cost. The feasible routes with low similarity will provide more travel options, which can be used as pre-computed routes for traffic assignment models [9, 10] to support high-density and complexity flow- based operations. 2. DATA SOURCE AND DATA DESCRIPTION To model the static obstacles in the urban airspace of Singapore, we use ALOS World 3D-30m (AW3D30) data [11]. It is a global Digital Surface Model (DSM) that represents land terrain (natural and built features) with approximately a resolution of 30 meters. The ALOS World 3D data that covers Singapore is visualized in Figure 1. Figure 1: ALOS World 3D DSM data covering Singapore To identify airspace that is potentially hazardous to UAM operations, the airspace classification information of Singapore [12] is used in this study. These airspace types are promulgated as follows [13, 14]: • 5km of aerodromes: The airspace within 5km of the aerodrome area. • Danger areas: The airspace within which activities dan- gerous to aircraft may exist at specified times. • Prohibited areas: The airspace within which aircraft is prohibited, usually due to security purposes. • Restricted areas: The airspace within which aircraft is restricted in accordance with certain specified conditions. • Protected areas: The reserved airspace within which air- craft is not allowed for operation. To sum up, prohibited and protected airspace are completely not allowed for UAM aircraft. All types of airspace are shown in Figure bounded by successive coordinates 2. Figure 2: Singapore existing area limits for UAM flights In addition, the location of vertiports is collected from a study that determined the optimal distribution of vertiports for Singapore considering both costs and society value [15]. Some locations of vertiports are modified to avoid hazardous airspace and terrain. Some delivery sites are randomly generated in the usable airspace. The location of vertiports and delivery sites are depicted in Figure 2. To measure the noise impact of the UAM network on populations in different regions, the Singapore residents (as of June 2021) by planning area [16] and the boundary of planning area [17] data are collected. Singapore is divided into 332 subzones, and the total resident population in each subzone is illustrated in Figure 3. Note that in some subzones, the population may be nil or negligible. Figure 3: Total resident population of Singapore by subzone 3. METHODOLOGY In the low-altitude urban airspace of a metropolitan area, the problem addressed here aims to design a multi-layer route network connecting Origin-Destination (OD) of UAM op