2025年电子制造业净零转型：制造设施能源效率提升策略与实施框架研究报告（英文版）

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Towards Net-Zero Electronics Unlocking the power of energy efficiency in manufacturing facilities Report / April 2025 About RMI RMI is an independent nonprofit, founded in 1982 as Rocky Mountain Institute, that transforms global energy systems through market-driven solutions to align with a 1.5°C future and secure a clean, prosperous, zero-carbon future for all. We work in the world’s most critical geographies and engage businesses, policymakers, communities, and NGOs to identify and scale energy system interventions that will cut climate pollution at least 50 percent by 2030. RMI has offices in Basalt and Boulder, Colorado; New York City; Oakland, California; Washington, D.C.; Abuja, Nigeria; and Beijing, People’s Republic of China. Authors and Acknowledgments Authors Ting Li Wei Li Guangxu Wang Meng Wang Authors listed alphabetically. All authors from RMI unless otherwise noted. Contacts Wei Li, wli@rmi.org Guangxu Wang, gwang@rmi.org Copyrights and Citation Wei Li, Guangxu Wang, and Meng Wang, Towards Net-Zero Electronics: Unlocking the power of energy efficiency in manufacturing facilities, RMI, 2025, https://rmi.org/insight/towards-net-zero-electronics/. RMI values collaboration and aims to accelerate the energy transition through sharing knowledge and insights. We therefore allow interested parties to reference, share, and cite our work through the Creative Commons CC BY-SA 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/. Images are from iStock.com unless otherwise noted. rmi.org / 4 Towards Net-Zero Electronics: Unlocking the power of energy efficiency in manufacturing facilities Table of Contents 1. Why Supply Chain Energy Management Matters in the Electronics Manufacturing Industry ................................................................ 5 Importance of supply chain energy efficiency in the electronics manufacturing industry .............5 Managing energy efficiency in final assembly, testing, and packaging (FATP) facilities.................7 2. Retrofitting Existing Facilities for Energy Efficiency ........................ 9 Key considerations in an energy audit .................................................................................... 10 Systems investigation for optimal energy-saving potential ..................................................... 11 Process air system .................................................................................................................... 12 HVAC system ............................................................................................................................. 15 Production system .................................................................................................................... 17 Lighting and other facility appliances ....................................................................................... 19 Project implementation and acceptance ................................................................................21 Savings verification ..............................................................................................................22 3. Planning for Optimum Energy Efficiency in New Facilities ...............24 Key principles for new FATP facilities with an integrated design approach ................................24 Implementing integrated design: key considerations for energy efficiency in new FATP facilities ......27 Building and facility layout ....................................................................................................... 27 System and equipment ............................................................................................................. 28 Control and monitoring ............................................................................................................ 28 Endnotes ........................................................................................31 rmi.org / 5 Towards Net-Zero Electronics: Unlocking the power of energy efficiency in manufacturing facilities 1. Why Supply Chain Energy Management Matters in the Electronics Manufacturing Industry The electronics manufacturing industry is experiencing rapid growth, driven by the global shift toward digitization, automation, and technologies such as 5G, the Internet of Things, and artificial intelligence (AI). The global electronics market was valued at $1.275 trillion in 2023 and is growing at a rate of 7.5%, with the Asia–Pacific region and North America driving demand.1 In China, the electronics manufacturing industry was the top industry in terms of revenue from 2013 to 2023. China’s supply-chain market reached RMB 37.72 trillion (US$5.2 trillion) in 2023, with about 41,200 electronics manufacturing companies.2 The electronics industry plays a critical role in the global energy transition and efforts to combat climate change; as demand for electronic products increases, so does the sector’s environmental impact, particularly in terms of energy consumption and emissions. The electronics industry is estimated to be responsible for more than 4% of global greenhouse gas emissions.3 By driving innovation in energy technologies, the sector is helping reduce greenhouse gas emissions and moving toward a more sustainable, low-carbon economy. Energy efficiency is a key pillar in the global energy transition and the fight against climate change because it directly reduces energy demand, greenhouse gas emissions, and the need for fossil fuels. The International Energy Agency (IEA) calls energy efficiency the “first fuel” for achieving climate goals and says it can deliver more than 40% of the emissions reductions needed by 2040 in the IEA’s Sustainable Development Scenario.4 Improving energy efficiency in a wide range of manufacturing applications not only reduces energy consumption but also enhances the viability of renewable energy sources, increases energy security, and lowers energy costs. Research conducted by McKinsey & Company shows potential energy savings of 25% to 30% in fabrication facilities with neither loss of quality nor worker-safety compromises and little new investment.5 Importance of supply chain energy efficiency in the electronics manufacturing industry Supply chain carbon emissions management is critical in the electronics manufacturing industry. Consumer electronics suppliers, including semiconductor manufacturers, display manufacturers, and final assemblers, account for over 77% of the electronics industry’s total emissions (see Exhibit 1). This highlights the significant impact that upstream activities within the supply chain have on the overall carbon footprint. Effective management of energy use across these supply-chain stages is essential for the industry to progress toward net-zero emissions. This data underscores the necessity of addressing Scope 3 emissions, which include all indirect emissions that occur in the value chain, from raw material extraction to the production of final goods. rmi.org / 6 Towards Net-Zero Electronics: Unlocking the power of energy efficiency in manufacturing facilities Exhibit 1 Emissions split in Scopes 1, 2, and 3 upstream for selected industries (CO2e, 2019) Note: Top companies were selected based on the number of reported Scope 3 upstream categories and industry fit. FMCG means fast-moving consumer goods. CO2e means carbon dioxide equivalent. RMI Graphic. Source: Carbon Disclosure Project; Boston Consulting Group; Net-Zero Challenge: The Supply Chain Opportunity, World Economic Forum, 2021 Energy efficiency is a crucial lever for reducing emissions in the electronics manufacturing industry. A substantial portion of these emissions can be eliminated at little to no cost through the implementation of energy-efficiency measures (EEMs). As shown in Exhibit 2, energy-efficiency improvements in assembly lines can reduce overall supply chain emissions by up to 20%, with abatement costs ranging from approximately -US$100 to US$0 per ton of CO2e by 2030.i Business cases from leading electronics companies demonstrate that EEMs can achieve u